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Implications draw on the history of transformative information systems from the past 

High resolution mobility-based ion separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) have been useful for ion mobility separations for a variety of molecular classes in the gas phase. Here, we present multi-pass SLIM separations for gas-phase proteins in their near-native state exhibiting charge state dependent arrival time distributions using carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), alcohol dehydrogenase (148 kDa), and apo-transferrin (79 kDa). For the selected charge states of each protein species, we investigate the conformational space using molecular dynamic simulations and calculated the collision cross section (CCS) values using IMoS. The measured CCS values obtained from the SLIM arrival time distributions (ATDs) agreed within ~6% difference when compared to the calculated CCS values. The experimental CCS values were obtained from calibration curves for the arrival times of Agilent Tune Mix ions. For multi-pass separations, the ATDs were converted to CCS values by deconvoluting the multi-pass arrival times into accurate single-pass values amenable to the single-pass calibration curves. Mass spectra of carbonic anhydrase (CA) showed three different charge states (z = 9+ to 11+). Their corresponding mobility peaks were baseline-separated using 8-m single-pass separations. Single-pass analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) exhibit three predominant charge states (z = 23+ to 25+) with mobility overlap between adjacent charge states. The mobility peak resolution for ADH improved with multi-pass separations (up to 24-m path length). In addition, CCS distributions obtained for charge states z = 16+ to 18+ of apo-transferrin reveal a transition from a compact unimodal form (z = 18+ and 19+) to broader multi-modal CCS distributions for z = 16+. For apo-transferrin, 40-m multi-pass separations were performed allowing for complete isolation of the selected mobility range corresponding to z = 17+ leading to selective isolation of a narrow arrival time window. The extended mobility separations provided minimal alterations to the structure of the proteins, and the experimentally derived CCS values showed minimal change as a function of separation time or number of passes. Mobility-based ion separations for native-like proteins, using SLIM, open opportunities for native-IMS applications as well as other manipulations enabled by SLIM like mobility selective isolation and collection. 

We examine deformed crystalline bedrock in the upper parts of the active San Andreas and ancient San Gabriel Faults, southern California, to 1) determine the nature and origin of micro-scale composition and geochemistry of fault-related rocks, 2) constrain the extent of fluid-rock interactions, and 3) determine the interactions between alteration, mineralization, and deformation. We used drill cores from a 470 m long inclined borehole through the steep-dipping San Gabriel Fault and from seven inclined northeast-plunging boreholes across the San Andreas Fault zone to 150 m deep to show that narrow fault cores 10 cm to 5 m wide lie within 100s m wide damage zones. Petrographic, mineralogic, whole-rock geochemical analyses and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence mapping of drill core and thin sections of rocks from the damage zone and narrow principal slip surfaces reveal evidence for the development of early fracture networks, with iron and other transition element mineralization and alteration along the fractures. Alteration includes clay $$\pm$$ chlorite development, carbonate, and zeolite mineralization in matrix and fractures and the mobility of trace and transition elements. Carbonate-zeolite mineralization filled fractures and are associated with element mobility through the crystalline rocks. Textural evidence for repeated shearing, alteration, vein formation, brittle deformation, fault slip, pressure solution, and faulted rock re-lithification indicates significant hydrothermal alteration occurred during shallow-level deformation in the fault zones. The rock assemblages show that hydrothermal conditions in active faults develop at very shallow levels where seismic energy, heat, and fluids are focused. 

Abstract Mass mortality of the dominant coral reef herbivore Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean in the early 1980s contributed to a persistent phase shift from coral- to algal-dominated reefs. In 2022, a scuticociliate most closely related to Philaster apodigitiformis caused further mass mortality of D. antillarum across the Caribbean, leading to >95% mortality at affected sites. Mortality was also reported in the related species Diadema setosum in the Mediterranean in 2022, though the causative agent of the Mediterranean outbreak has not yet been determined. In April 2023, mass mortality of Diadema setosum occurred along the Sultanate of Oman's coastline. Urchins displayed signs compatible with scuticociliatosis including abnormal behavior, drooping and loss of spines, followed by tissue necrosis and death. Here we report the detection of an 18S rRNA gene sequence in abnormal urchins from Muscat, Oman, that is identical to the Philaster strain responsible for D. antillarum mass mortality in the Caribbean. We also show that scuticociliatosis signs can be elicited in Diadema setosum by experimental challenge with the cultivated Philaster strain associated with Caribbean scuticociliatosis. These results demonstrate the Philaster sp. associated with D. antillarum mass mortality has rapidly spread to geographically distant coral reefs, compelling global-scale awareness and monitoring for this devastating condition through field surveys, microscopy, and molecular microbiological approaches, and prompting investigation of long-range transmission mechanisms.